Which among the following is wrongly matched?

AStages of Cognitive development – Piaget

BSocio Cultural Theory – Vygotsky

CDiscovery Learning – Bruner

DMultiple intelligence – Gagne

Answer:

Multiple Intelligences theory was proposed by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist.
He introduced this theory in his 1983 book, "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences".
Gardner challenged the traditional view of intelligence as a single, general ability (like IQ) and proposed that individuals possess at least eight distinct types of intelligence.
These intelligences include: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. A ninth, Existential intelligence, is sometimes considered.
This theory has significantly influenced educational practices, promoting diverse teaching methods to cater to different learning styles and strengths.

Robert Mills Gagne was an American educational psychologist known for his contributions to the systematic design of instruction.
His most famous work is "The Conditions of Learning" (1965), where he proposed a theory that outlines different types of learning and the specific conditions required for each.
Gagne identified five major categories of learned capabilities: intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, verbal information, motor skills, and attitudes.
He is also well-known for his "Nine Events of Instruction," a sequence of instructional steps designed to optimize learning, which include: gaining attention, informing learners of objectives, stimulating recall of prior learning, presenting stimulus material, providing learning guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback, assessing performance, and enhancing retention and transfer.
His work provides a framework for instructional design, focusing on the cognitive processes involved in learning.

Jean Piaget: Known for his theory of Cognitive Development, which describes how children construct knowledge through stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
Lev Vygotsky: Developed the Socio-cultural Theory of Cognitive Development, emphasizing the role of social interaction and culture in learning, particularly the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
B.F. Skinner: A leading figure in behaviorism, associated with Operant Conditioning, which explains learning through rewards and punishments (reinforcement and extinction).
Ivan Pavlov: Famous for his work on Classical Conditioning, demonstrated through his experiments with dogs.
Abraham Maslow: Known for his Hierarchy of Needs, a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
Erik Erikson: Developed the theory of Psychosocial Development, which describes eight stages of human development, each marked by a crisis or challenge that needs to be resolved.

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