Junior Clerk Questions

To win the confidence of the share holders

In cooperative accounting, the Double Compartment System (or Value Control System) is used to control the movement of goods and their value.

It ensures that the value of goods issued and received is properly tracked, avoiding misuse or misstatement.

Typically, one “compartment” records quantities, and the other records monetary value, hence the name value control system.

Robert Owen, a pioneer of the cooperative movement, established New Harmony in the USA as an experimental cooperative village.

The International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific was inaugurated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

Sir Horace Plunkett was an Irish reformer and a leading figure in the cooperative movement in Ireland

The KF (Kooperativa Förbundet (KF)) was established in 1882, contributing to the cooperative movement.

The National Development Council (NDC) emphasized strengthening the cooperative structure at the grassroots level. Based on its recommendations, large-sized credit societies were reorganized and converted into Service Co-operative Societies so that they could provide multiple services such as credit, agricultural inputs, marketing support, and consumer goods to rural members, instead of functioning only as credit institutions.

Many Land Mortgage Banks were established during the Great Depression period to support agriculture.

The International Co-operative Alliance (ICA) appointed the D. G. Karve Commission.

SuRABHI – A well-known co-operative dairy brand in Kerala.

COOPTEX – A co-operative textile brand of Tamil Nadu.

Tribes India – A brand promoted by TRIFED, which works on a cooperative model for tribal products.

KAIRALI – ❌ Not a cooperative brand; it is mainly associated with private/government initiatives (films, publications, tourism), not a cooperative organization.

Therefore, the correct answer is KAIRALI.

NDDB is a statutory body, not a cooperative society.

VANITHAFED is a women’s co-operative federation in Kerala and markets products under different brand names,One of the product is kerakanthi coconout oil,Kalpatharu is the product of HOPCO

Ayurdhara is the Ayurvedic medicine brand produced by the SC/ST Federation in Kerala.

Oushadi is a different Ayurvedic brand, managed separately by the state government.

The SC/ST federation promotes products like Ayurdhara to support entrepreneurship among SC/ST communities.

As per KCS rules, a cooperative ombudsman must have at least 10 years of experience in banking, law, or bar practice.

The government frames uniform service and conduct rules for cooperative society employees.

A federal cooperative society operates over one or more districts and has multiple cooperative societies, government, and individuals as members.

KCS rules define a special officer as an officer not below the rank of Assistant Registrar.

If a cooperative society's registration is rejected by the Registrar, the fee to file an appeal with the government or Registrar, is ₹5,000.

This is specifically provided under Section 77 of the KCS rules regarding attachment of salaries or allowances.

Form 16 is prescribed for filing review petition before the Kerala Co-operative Tribunal.

Maximum age for direct recruitment to certain posts under rule 185 is 45 years

Section 2(qc) defines a “Special Officer” as an officer not below the rank of Assistant Registrar.

Members and creditors must exercise their option to withdraw within 2 months of notice.

KCS rules mandate that a copy of the expulsion resolution must be communicated within 15 days.

Rule 29 specifies the maintenance of accounts and other books by co-operative societies under KCS rules.

Casual vacancies are filled by the committee from the same class of members.

he society itself bears the cost of conducting its elections.

Form 11 is prescribed for recording recovery and remittance of money to co-operative societies.

Chapter VI of the KCS Act does not have rules framed under it.

Byelaws of a society specify the conditions under which deposits and loans can be received.

The Registrar is responsible for maintaining the Co-operative Member Relief Fund

Co-operative Welfare and Development Board

Section 94 of the KCS Act deals with the powers of inspection, supervision, and investigation by officers.

Specifically, subsection (4) states that:

“Every officer and employee of the society shall assist the inspecting officer in the performance of his duties, furnish all information required, and produce books, accounts, and other records on demand. Failure to comply shall constitute an offence.”

Incentive wage plans pay employees based on output or results. “Payment by result” is the general term for this approach.

Debt-equity ratio shows the proportion of borrowed funds vs. owner’s equity

Livestock values fluctuate, so revaluation method is used to reflect actual market value.

Non-profits do not distribute profits; surplus or deficit is adjusted in the capital fund.

Expenses are the costs incurred to earn revenue.

Registered (Authorized) Capital:

Maximum capital a company can raise.

Not specifically “called up” in any situation.

Issued Capital:

Part of authorized capital actually offered to shareholders.

Can be called up anytime by the company, not restricted to winding up.

Reserve Capital ✅

Portion of unpaid capital that can only be called up in the event of winding up.

Shareholders are liable to pay this portion only if the company is closing.

Revised Capital:

Authorized capital after it is increased or decreased.

Not related to being called up.

Current assets are cash, receivables, and inventory—expected to be liquidated within a year

It will result in profit on sale of assets, which increases owners’ equity.

owners equity increased to the extent of profit

owners equity decreased to the extent of profit

owners equity increased to the extent of total amount

PAN (Permanent Account Number) is required for high-value cash transactions to prevent tax evasion.

Deposits of Rs 50,000 or more in a bank account require PAN.

This includes cash deposits, bank transfers, and purchases of certain financial instruments.

Normal loss refers to unavoidable, expected loss in the process of handling or production.

Breaking the bulk (e.g., spillage or wastage during packaging/transport) is considered normal.

Theft, careless handling, and damages are abnormal losses.

When a bill is dishonoured, the bank returns the bill, so the bank account used for collection is credited, and the debtor’s account is debited.

Fictitious assets are not real assets; they are items like preliminary expenses, deferred revenue expenses, shown on the assets side.

In consignment accounting, goods are sent by the consignor to consignee.

Consignee sells goods on behalf of consignor.

Sale proceeds are credited to Consignor’s account, not directly to sales.

When a bank collects bills on behalf of a customer, it acts as the agent of the customer (the principal) and does not become the owner of the bills.

The repo rate is the rate at which banks borrow money from the RBI, while the reverse repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows from banks. Repo rate is usually higher than reverse repo rate.

The SARFAESI Act allows banks and financial institutions to recover non-performing assets (NPAs) without going to court.

The No Frills account scheme was launched in 2005 to provide basic banking facilities to people without access to formal banking.

While Moody’s Investors Service  is one of the top three global credit rating agencies,) is considered the largest and most influential in terms of market coverage and global presence.

CCollateral security is an asset pledged to a lender to secure a loan. It can be sold if the borrower defaults.

Businessmen use current accounts for frequent transactions, unlike savings accounts which are for personal use.

Cheque truncation converts physical cheques into electronic images for faster clearing without moving the physical cheque

A banker has a lien (right to retain) on goods, securities, or negotiable instruments until dues are paid. Safe custody items belong to the customer and cannot be retained as lien.

it is also called pledge loan .Cooperative marketing societies , a Key Loan is a specific type of secured credit facility where agricultural produce or goods are pledged as collateral under the physical custody of the lender.

A balance sheet shows the assets, liabilities, and capital of a bank at a given point in time

Interest on fixed deposits can be compounded at different intervals depending on the bank and the scheme. Common compounding frequencies include:

Monthly – Some banks offer this for short-term deposits.

Quarterly – Most banks commonly compound interest quarterly, which is why it’s the standard answer in many exams.

Half-yearly – Used in some cases, especially older schemes.

Daily – Rare for fixed deposits; more common in savings accounts.

Reverse repo rate is the rate at which RBI borrows money from banks, thus absorbing liquidity from the system.

Factoring allows a business to sell its receivables to a factoring company at a discount to get immediate cash.

An easy way of raising capital from a factoring company

Selling of account receivable on contract basis at a discount to a third party

A method of discounting of long term bills

A method of compounding of long term bills

Reverse mortgage allows senior citizens to convert their home equity into cash while continuing to live in the house.

Bank rate is the rate at which RBI lends to commercial banks by rediscounting their bills.

NSC (National Savings Certificate) is a long-term savings instrument, not a short-term money market security. The others are money market instruments.

Bull market indicates rising stock prices; bear market indicates falling stock prices. These terms are specific to the stock/share market.

Vouching is the process of checking transactions against supporting documents to ensure authenticity.

The audit note book is maintained by the auditor to record important observations during an audit.

Clerical errors are mistakes in recording, totaling, or posting, which are not errors of principle.

Contingent liabilities are potential obligations and are disclosed in the notes to accounts of the balance sheet.

The Global Method is not recognized under the Companies Act for calculating depreciation. Permissible methods include straight-line, written-down value, or efficiency-based methods.

A collateral voucher is a supporting document that is used to verify a transaction when the original voucher is not available. It serves as additional evidence to support the accounting entry.

Primary voucher: The original document that directly supports a transaction.

Secondary voucher: Typically a copy of the original, used when the original exists elsewhere.

Subsidiary voucher: Used for minor or routine transactions.

According to audit practice and common regulations, an auditor is generally expected to submit the audit report within 30 days after completing the audit. This ensures timely reporting of findings and allows the management or relevant authorities to take action based on the audit.

Lapping is a type of cash misappropriation where receipts from one customer are used to cover the theft of receipts from another customer.

Dividend Equalisation Fund is a voluntary reserve, not compulsory under law.others are statutory reserve as per sec 56 of kcs act 1969

Profit from redemption is a capital profit, hence transferred to Capital Reserve.

Expenses incurred to bring an asset into working condition are capital in nature.

Expenses on erection of plant and machinery

Routine checking deals with arithmetical accuracy, not asset valuation.

Reserves are created to meet unknown or future contingencies.

The first co-operative creamery in the world was established in Denmark.

It was set up at Hjedding in the year 1882.

This event is considered a major milestone in the history of the cooperative movement, especially in the dairy sector.

Consistency Concept in accounting means that a business should use the same accounting methods and principles from one period to another.

By doing this, financial statements of different periods are comparable, because changes in figures are due to actual business performance, not because the accounting method changed.

Example: If a company uses the straight-line method for depreciation this year, it should use the same method next year. This allows investors or management to compare assets and expenses across years.

✅ So, following the consistency concept ensures meaningful comparison of financial statements across periods.

Given:

Selling price of goods = Rs 10,000

Cost of goods sold (COGS) = Rs 9,000

Step 1: Effect on Cash (Asset)

Cash increases by Rs 10,000 because the business receives money from the sale.

Step 2: Effect on Stock/Inventory (Asset)

Stock decreases by Rs 9,000 because goods worth Rs 9,000 are sold.

Step 3: Effect on Profit/Capital

Profit = Selling Price − Cost = 10,000 − 9,000 = Rs 1,000

Profit increases Capital/Owner’s Equity by Rs 1,000.

Step 4: Summary of Accounting Equation Effects

Assets: Cash ↑ 10,000, Stock ↓ 9,000 → Net ↑ 1,000

Equity (Capital): ↑ 1,000

✅ Accounting equation still balances.

Answer:
C) Increase in cash and capital and decrease in stock ✅

Increase in cash and capital and decrease in stock

Increase in cash and decrease in stock and capital

Direct expenses are costs directly related to the purchase or production of goods.

They are incurred to bring goods to the business and make them ready for sale.

Examples of direct expenses:

Freight or carriage inward – cost of transporting goods to the business.

Import duties / customs duty – if goods are imported.

Insurance on goods during transit – while bringing goods to the warehouse.

Cost of packaging or packing for sale – if it is part of making the goods saleable.

Retiring a bill means paying the amount of a bill of exchange before or on its due date.

It is the settlement of a bill either by the drawee paying the bill (if it’s a bill payable) or by drawing cash to pay it.


Bills can be retired before due date (early payment) or on the due date.

When a bill is retired before the due date, sometimes discount or interest may be involved depending on agreement.

Retiring the bill removes the liability from the books of the person who has to pay it.
“Retiring a bill = making it disappear from your liabilities by paying it.”

The statement is about the Double Compartment System (also called Double Account System).

Definition:

It is a special type of accounting procedure followed by district or wholesale cooperative stores.

Under this system, the accounts are kept in two parts (compartments):

Stock Accounts (or Commodity Accounts): Records opening stock, purchases, and closing stock of goods.

General Accounts (or Cash/Capital Accounts): Records cash transactions, capital, and other financial dealings.

Purpose:

To separately track the goods and financial transactions, making management easier for large cooperative stores.

Helps in checking loss, theft, or mismanagement of goods.

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