The failure of the moderate leaders in getting any significant results from the British authorities
The moderates (like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, etc.) believed in constitutional methods and petitioning
Their approach of prayers, petitions, and meetings didn't yield substantial concessions from the British
This lack of progress created disillusionment among many nationalists
Bengal partition (1905) was an eye-opening incident for Indians about British rule
Lord Curzon's partition of Bengal in 1905 divided the province along religious lines
This was widely seen as a "divide and rule" policy by the British
It sparked massive protests and the Swadeshi Movement
This event demonstrated British colonial intentions clearly to many Indians
It became a turning point that radicalized many moderates
Other national movements like in Persia, Egypt, and Turkey also motivated the Indian leaders
Revolutionary and nationalist movements in other colonized countries inspired Indian leaders
Japan's victory over Russia (1905) showed that Asian nations could defeat European powers
These international events gave confidence to Indian nationalists
The extremist phase (approximately 1905-1920) was characterized by:
Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak ("Swaraj is my birthright"), Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai
Advocacy for Swadeshi (use of Indian goods) and boycott of foreign goods
Belief in self-reliance and national education
More aggressive approach compared to the moderates
Use of religious symbolism to mobilize the masses
Slogan of "Swaraj" (self-rule) rather than just reforms
