Question:
Who among the following called Indian Federalism a "co-operative federalism"?
AGranville Austin
BIvor Jennings
CD D Basu
DK C Wheare
Answer:
A. Granville Austin
Explanation:
- "Cooperative federalism" and "competitive federalism" are two distinct approaches to governance within a federal system.
- They represent different ways in which central and state governments interact and collaborate in a federal framework
Cooperative Federalism:
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Horizontal Relationship: Cooperative federalism involves a horizontal relationship between the central government and the state governments. They work together and cooperate in the larger public interest.
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Participation in National Policies: It is a mechanism that enables states to actively participate in the formulation and implementation of national policies. It promotes a sense of collaboration among different levels of government.
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Constitutional Obligation: Both the central government and state governments are constitutionally obliged to cooperate with each other on matters specified in Schedule VII of the Indian Constitution.
Competitive Federalism:
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Vertical and Horizontal Relationships: In competitive federalism, the relationship between the central government and state governments is vertical, but there is also competition among state governments horizontally.
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Post-1990s Economic Reforms: Competitive federalism gained significance in India after the economic reforms of the 1990s. It is closely associated with economic liberalization and globalization.
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Promoting Efficiency: States compete among themselves and with the central government for benefits, funds, and investments. This competition is seen as a way to encourage efficiency in administration and promote developmental activities.
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Role of Competition: States aim to attract funds and investments, and more developed states tend to be preferred by investors. This competition encourages states to improve their physical and social infrastructure.
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Executive Decision: Competitive federalism is not a constitutional mandate but a decision made by the executive branch of the government. It is a policy approach rather than a constitutional requirement.