Learn 76 questions from SSC GD 2025 Shift 1

SSC GD 2025 Shift 1 Questions

BSGN
B = 2 → 2 + 3 = 5
S = 19 → 19 + 3 = 22
G = 7 → 7 + 3 = 10
N = 14 → 14 + 3 = 17

TAUE
T = 20 → 23
A = 1 → 4
U = 21 →24
E = 5 → 8

Rule confirmed: Alphabet position + 3

Now decode PJDQ

P = 16 → 19
J = 10 → 13
D = 4 → 7
Q = 17 → 20

Final Answer:

PJDQ = 19-13-7-20

Alphabet positions

HJL → H(8), J(10), L(12) → +2, +2
FHJ → F(6), H(8), J(10) → +2, +2
NPR → N(14), P(16), R(18) → +2, +2
SUV → S(19), U(21), V(22) → +2, +1

Pattern

In HJL, FHJ, and NPR, the letters increase by 2 positions consistently in alphabetical order.

In SUV, the increase is +2 then +1, breaking the pattern.

SUV is the letter cluster that does NOT belong to the group.

From the given coding:
JAMB → 5139
BALM → 9521

In BALM → 9-5-2-1, the letters and digits correspond position-wise:

B → 9
A → 5
L → 2
M → 1

The code for ‘L’ is 2.

CLONE → BLUKU

1        | C → B  | −1  
2        | L → L  | 0  
3        | O → U  | +6  
4        | N → K  | −3  
5        | E → U  | +16 

BOUND → AOAKT

−1, 0, +6, −3, +16 (with alphabet wraparound)

Apply the same logic to NICHE

1        | N → M  | −1   
| 2        | I → I  | 0     
| 3        | C → I  | +6    
| 4        | H → E  | −3   
| 5        | E → U  | +16   

NICHE → MIIEU

• The error is located in segment (B): "articulating his thoughts clear".


The word "clear" is an adjective, which is used to describe a noun (e.g., "a clear sky"). However, in this sentence, the word is intended to describe how he was articulating his thoughts.

When you modify a verb (articulating), you must use an adverb rather than an adjective.

Incorrect: ...articulating his thoughts clear.

Correct: ...articulating his thoughts clearly.

• This sentence is a variation of a common proverb which suggests that just because someone is old (represented by grey hair), it doesn't necessarily mean they are wise.

To choose the correct word, we have to look at homophones—words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings:

Hair (Correct): The strands that grow from the skin of humans and animals. "Grey hair" is a physical sign of aging.

Heir: A person legally entitled to the property or rank of another after that person's death (e.g., "The prince is the heir to the throne").

Air: The invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth.

Hare: An animal similar to a rabbit but with longer ears and legs.

• The choice of preposition depends on the type of movement and the space being described.

Across (Correct): This preposition is used when moving from one side of an open area or surface to the other. Since a garden is an area with boundaries, "across" perfectly describes the dog's path from one point to another while chasing the cat.

At: This usually refers to a specific point or location (e.g., "The dog stayed at the gate"). It does not describe movement through a space.

On: This refers to being supported by a surface. While a dog runs on the grass, "running on the garden" sounds like it is running on top of the entire concept of the garden, which is less natural than "across."

Between: This is used when referring to two distinct objects or points (e.g., "The dog ran between the two trees"). Since "the garden" is a single area, "between" doesn't fit.

• The sentence discusses an act that is considered a "sin" against both religion and humanity. This implies a very strong, negative action toward a sacred place.

Desecrate (Correct): This verb means to treat a sacred place or thing with violent disrespect or to violate its sanctity. It is the specific term used when talking about damaging or insulting a holy site.

Modest: This is an adjective meaning humble or moderate (e.g., "a modest house"). It is not a verb and does not fit the grammar of the sentence.

Disapprove: This means to have a poor opinion of something. While someone might disapprove of a religion, "disapprove places" is grammatically incorrect (you would say "disapprove of places"), and it is not a strong enough word to be called a "sin against humanity."

Upright: This is an adjective meaning strictly honorable or vertical (e.g., "an upright citizen"). It does not fit the blank.

This question tests collocations. A collocation is a pair or group of words that are habitually used together by native speakers. While other words might technically make sense, they don't sound "natural" in this specific context.

Clear (Correct): In English, the most common adjective used with "instructions" is clear. This means the instructions were easy to understand and left no room for confusion.

Careful: While a person can be "careful," we don't usually say "careful instructions" to describe the instructions themselves. We might say "The teacher was careful in giving instructions."

Great: This is too vague. "Great instructions" would imply they were wonderful or high-quality, but in an exam context, the priority is that they are easy to follow (clear).

Strong: We use "strong" for things like opinions, coffee, or smells. "Strong instructions" is not a standard English expression; we would use "firm instructions" if we meant they were strict.

• An Antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word.

Arrogant: This describes someone who has an exaggerated sense of their own importance or abilities. They may act superior to others or be "full of themselves."

Humble (Correct): This is the direct opposite. A humble person is modest, does not brag about their achievements, and treats others as equals, regardless of their own status.
Creepy: This describes someone who causes a feeling of fear or unease (e.g., "a creepy old house"). It has nothing to do with pride or modesty.

Clumsy: This describes someone who moves awkwardly or lacks coordination (e.g., "dropping a glass because you are clumsy").

Average: This means ordinary or typical. While an arrogant person thinks they are above average, the true opposite of the personality trait of arrogance is humility, not just being "average."

• A Synonym is a word that has the same or a very similar meaning to another word.

• Broad: This describes something that has a large distance from one side to the other. It can refer to physical objects (a broad shoulder, a broad path) or abstract ideas (a broad range of topics).

• Wide (Correct): This is the most direct synonym. It also describes a large distance from side to side. You can often use these words interchangeably, such as "a wide street" or "a broad street."
• Particular: This means specific or individual (e.g., "a particular type of flower"). It is more of an opposite to "broad" when "broad" means "general."

Small: This is an antonym (opposite) of broad. It describes something of limited size.

Exact: This means precise or accurate (e.g., "the exact measurements"). It does not relate to the width or size of an object.

• The idiom "Man of straw" (or a "straw man") refers to someone who has no substance, no integrity, or no real power. Just as a scarecrow made of straw looks like a man but is hollow and weak inside, a "man of straw" is someone who cannot be trusted to stand up for their principles or lacks the financial means/character to be taken seriously.

Why it's C: It describes a person who is weak, lacks a strong character, or is easily controlled by others.

A, B, and D: These are completely unrelated definitions that do not match any historical or common usage of the phrase.

A combination of two people that is perfect in every way

A child of a celebrity or a famous person

A person who is disregarded as lacking character or morality

• This question tests the knowledge of Reflexive Pronouns (and their use as Emphatic Pronouns). A reflexive pronoun must always match the subject of the sentence.

The Subject is "We": Since the sentence starts with "We" (first-person plural), the corresponding pronoun must be "ourselves."

The Function: Here, "ourselves" is used to emphasize that the group (We) is doing the work alone, without any outside assistance.
Oneself: This is used for a generic, unnamed person (e.g., "One must take care of oneself"). It does not match the specific subject "We."

Itself: This is used for singular objects or animals (e.g., "The cat cleaned itself").

Themselves: This is used for the third-person plural subject "They" (e.g., "They finished the project themselves").

An Antonym is a word that means the opposite of the given word.

Flaunt: This means to display something (like wealth, a skill, or a new dress) ostentatiously or proudly, especially in order to provoke envy or admiration in others. It is like saying, "Look at me and what I have!"

Hide (Correct): This is the direct opposite. It means to keep something out of sight or to conceal it so that others cannot see it.
Parade: This is actually a synonym for flaunt. To parade something is to show it off publicly.

Wide: This describes a physical measurement of distance from side to side (as we saw in your previous question about "Broad"). It has no relationship to showing off or concealing.

Open: While "open" can mean not hidden, it doesn't function as the direct opposite of the specific action of flaunting (showing off).

Let’s look at the differences between the numbers:

208 → 190 = −18
190 → 163 = −27
163 → 127 = −36
127 → 82 = −45

Now observe the pattern in the differences:

18, 27, 36, 45
  These increase by 9 each time.

So the next difference should be:

45 + 9 = 54

Now subtract it from 82:

82 − 54 = 28

L, M, N, O, P, Q, R
All are sitting in a straight line facing north.
- R is sitting to the immediate right of P and immediate left of L
  Sequence: P – R – L

-N is sitting to the immediate right of L and immediate left of O
Sequence extends to: P – R – L – N – O

-O is sitting to the immediate left of Q
O – Q

So now we have:
P – R – L – N – O – Q

Place M

-M is sitting to the immediate left of P

So M must be before P:

M – P – R – L – N – O – Q


1. M
2. P
3. R
4. L
5. N
6. O
7. Q

Immediate left of N → L
Second left of N → **R**

SBCF → RADG

S → R (−1)
B → A (−1)
C → D (+1)
F → G (+1)

NVMO → MUNP

N → M (−1)
V → U (−1)
M → N (+1)
O → P (+1)

pattern observed:

First two letters:move one step backward
Last two letters: move one step forward

GUAX

G → F(−1)
U → T(−1)
A → B(+1)
X → Y(+1)
=FTBY

Series:
EHO   HJP   KLQ   ?   QPS

Write alphabet positions

EHO  - E(5)  | H(8)  | O(15) 
HJP  - H(8)  | J(10) | P(16) 
KLQ  - K(11) | L(12) | Q(17) 
QPS   - Q(17) | P(16) | S(19) 
Observe patterns
First column:
5 → 8 → 11 → 14→ 17
(+3 each time)
➡ Letter = N
Second column:
8 → 10 → 12 → 14 → 16
(+2 each time)
➡ Letter = N
Third column:
15 → 16 → 17 → 18 → 19
(+1 each time)
➡ Letter = R
 Final Answer = NNR

GRACEFUL

| Position | Letter |
| 1        | G      |
| 2        | R      |
| 3        | A      |
| 4        | C      |
| 5        | E      |
| 6        | F      |
| 7        | U      |
| 8        | L      |
Arrange letters in alphabetical order

Letters: A, C, E, F, G, L, R, U

Alphabetical arrangement: A C E F G L R U

| New Position | Letter |
| 1            | A      |
| 2            | C      |
| 3            | E      |
| 4            | F      |
| 5            | G      |
| 6            | L      |
| 7            | R      |
| 8            | U      |
Step 3: Compare positions

A: original 3 → new 1 ❌
C: original 4 → new 2 ❌
E: original 5 → new 3 ❌
F: original 6 → new 4 ❌
G: original 1 → new 5 ❌
L: original 8 → new 6 ❌
R: original 2 → new 7 ❌
U: original 7 → new 8 ❌

0 letters will remain in the same position.

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">First Asian Games Hosted by India</h3>

<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>The first Asian Games ever hosted by India took place in New Delhi.</li>
 <li>This significant sporting event was held in the year 1951.</li>
 <li>New Delhi has the distinction of being the inaugural host city for the Asian Games.</li>
 <li>The Asian Games are a continental multi-sport event held every four years.</li>
 <li>The first games in New Delhi saw participation from 11 nations.</li>
 <li>A total of 489 athletes competed in these inaugural games.</li>
 <li>The games were held from March 4 to March 11, 1951.</li>
 <li>The National Stadium in New Delhi was the main venue for the event.</li>
 <li>The Asian Games Federation (now the Olympic Council of Asia) was founded in 1949, with the idea of holding the games originating from a desire to create a truly pan-Asian sporting competition after the 1947 Asian Regional Athletic Games in New Delhi.</li>
 <li>India has hosted the Asian Games only once, in New Delhi in 1951.</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Justice Hima Kohli</h3>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Justice Hima Kohli is a distinguished legal professional who made significant contributions to the Indian judiciary.</li>
<li>She achieved a notable milestone by becoming the first woman Chief Justice of the High Court for the State of Telangana.</li>
<li>Her elevation to the Supreme Court of India marked another historic moment, as she was the ninth woman to be elevated to the apex court.</li>
<li>In August 2024, she bid farewell to her service at the Supreme Court, concluding a distinguished tenure.</li>
<li>Her career exemplifies breaking barriers and paving the way for women in the legal field in India.</li>
</ul>

Given expression:
50 − 9 ÷ 1 + 63 x 7
After interchanging:
50 + 9 × 1 − 63 ÷ 7

9 × 1 = 9

63 ÷ 7 = 9

50 + 9 − 9 = 50

HKM  O_NP  RN_S  UQT  XTW_

_, O, R, U, X → 15, 18, 21, 24 ( +3 )
Missing = L (12)

H, _, N, Q, T → 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 ( +3 )
Missing = K (11)

K, N, _, T, W → 11, 14, **17**, 20, 23 ( +3 )
Missing = Q (17)


M, P, S, _, _ → 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 ( +3 )
Missing = V (22) and Y (25)
Missing letters in order:

L K Q V Y

Series: 4, 6, 10, 18, 34, ?

### Step 1: Find the differences

6 − 4 = 2
10 − 6 = 4
18 − 10 = 8
34 − 18 = 16
The differences are doubling each time:
2, 4, 8, 16

So the next difference will be:
16 × 2 = 32

34 + 32 = 66

•The word "essey" in sentence C is spelt incorrectly. The correct spelling is "essay".

Incorrect: essey

Correct: essay

A). Cinematography: This is spelt correctly. It refers to the art of photography and camerawork in filmmaking.

B). Conference: This is spelt correctly. It refers to a formal meeting for discussion.

D). Pastries: This is spelt correctly. It is the plural form of pastry, referring to dough-based baked goods.

The film was praised for its stunning cinematography.

The scientist presented his findings at the conference.

The students wrote an interesting essey on the topic.

The bakery makes delicious pastries every day.

• The Meaning: The idiom "think outside the box" means to think creatively, metaphorically leaving the "box" of traditional or habitual thought patterns to find new, unconventional ideas.

Contextual Fit: The sentence describes someone who cooks "creatively and unconventionally" to create "unique dishes." This perfectly matches the definition of thinking outside the box.

i. The projected growth rate of the Indian agriculture sector for FY 2022-23 was 5.5%.

ii. During the Financial Year 2021-22, agricultural exports of India reached to about US$ 50.2 billion.

iii. During Kharif Marketing Season 2021- 22, 581.7 lakh metric tons of rice was procured in India.

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Bharatanatyam: A Classical Indian Dance Form</h3>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Lakshmi Vishwanathan is a renowned exponent of Bharatanatyam, a major form of Indian classical dance.</li>
<li>Bharatanatyam originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. It was traditionally performed by devadasis (temple dancers).</li>
<li>The dance form is known for its geometric movements, sculptural poses (karanas), and intricate footwork (nritta).</li>
<li>It also incorporates expressive storytelling (abhinaya) through hand gestures (mudras), facial expressions, and body movements, often depicting themes from Hindu mythology.</li>
<li>The Music Academy, Chennai, is a prominent institution that promotes Indian classical music and dance. The Natya Kalanidhi Award is one of its highest honors, recognizing outstanding contributions to the field of dance.</li>
<li>Lakshmi Vishwanathan received this award, acknowledging her significant contributions and mastery in Bharatanatyam.</li>
<li>She has also received other accolades such as the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, further solidifying her position as a leading artist in the classical dance circuit.</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Key Aspects of Bharatanatyam:</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Nritta: Pure dance, focusing on rhythm, tempo, and footwork.</li>
<li>Nritya: Expressive dance, conveying emotions and stories through gestures and facial expressions.</li>
<li>Natya: Dramatic representation, involving acting and storytelling.</li>
<li>Costumes: Typically feature vibrant silk sarees, ornate jewelry, and bells on the ankles (ghungroos).</li>
<li>Music: Accompanied by Carnatic music, with vocals, mridangam, violin, flute, and nattuvangam (cymbals).</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Third Five-Year Plan (1961-1966) and Economic Challenges</h3>
The Third Five-Year Plan in India (1961-1966) faced significant economic challenges, primarily due to war-time expenditure and the subsequent impact on resource allocation.
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Background: Following two successful Five-Year Plans that focused on establishing a self-reliant economy and industrial base, the Third Plan aimed at accelerating the pace of economic development.</li>
<li>Sino-Indian War (1962): A major disruption was the war with China in 1962. This conflict necessitated a substantial increase in defense spending, diverting crucial resources that were originally earmarked for developmental projects.</li>
<li>Indo-Pakistani War (1965): Another conflict, the war with Pakistan in 1965, further strained the Indian economy. Both wars led to increased government expenditure and a considerable drain on national resources.</li>
<li>Impact on Resource Allocation: The increased defense expenditure significantly impacted the planned allocation of financial and material resources for industrial growth, agricultural development, and infrastructure projects. This led to a slowdown in the planned targets.</li>
<li>Economic Slowdown: The combined effect of these wars and the resultant resource crunch contributed to an economic slowdown in the later years of the plan, which also led to the 'plan holiday' for the subsequent three years.</li>
<li>Focus Shift: The emphasis shifted from rapid industrialization towards strengthening national defense and achieving self-sufficiency in food grains, although agricultural growth targets were also affected by other factors like drought.</li>
</ul>

War-time expenditure and resource allocation

<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) represents a highly distinctive and widespread type of pottery that flourished during the Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent.</li><li>It is considered one of the finest ceramic types produced in ancient India, characterized by its brilliant, glossy black finish and often a metallic sheen.</li><li>The ware is typically found across a vast geographical area, including Northern India, parts of Central India, and extending into the Gangetic plains.</li><li>Archaeological evidence suggests that NBPW was produced from around the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century BCE, coinciding with the Mahajanapada period and the early Mauryan Empire.</li><li>This period witnessed significant urban development, the rise of large kingdoms, and the spread of Buddhism and Jainism, with which NBPW is often associated.</li><li>The manufacturing technique involved a sophisticated process of using a high-alkaline clay, firing in a reducing atmosphere, and then polishing the surface, which resulted in its characteristic appearance.</li><li>Different shapes and forms of NBPW pottery have been unearthed, including bowls, dishes, and small vases, often indicating their use in elite contexts or religious ceremonies.</li><li>Its presence is a key indicator for archaeologists in dating sites and understanding the extent of cultural and economic networks during the Iron Age in India.</li><li>The widespread distribution of NBPW points to extensive trade and communication routes that existed during this era.</li></ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Part III of the Constitution of India</h3>
<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Deals with Fundamental Rights</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Part III of the Indian Constitution, often referred to as the 'Magna Carta' of India, enumerates the Fundamental Rights granted to its citizens.</li>
<li>These rights are essential for the development of an individual's personality and are considered inviolable.</li>
<li>They are justiciable, meaning that individuals can approach the courts (Supreme Court or High Courts) for their enforcement if they are violated.</li>
<li>The Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III are: 
<ol style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)</li>
<li>Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)</li>
<li>Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)</li>
<li>Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)</li>
<li>Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)</li>
<li>Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The original Constitution (1950) also included the Right to Property (Article 31) as a Fundamental Right. However, it was removed by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978, and made a legal right under Article 300-A in Part XII of the Constitution.</li>
<li>The concept of Fundamental Rights in India was inspired by the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution.</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Plant Adaptations for Climbing</h3><h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Tendrils and Support Structures</h4><ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Certain plants, like the pumpkin plant, possess specialized structures called tendrils.</li><li>Tendrils are thin, coiling, thread-like organs that allow the plant to attach itself to supporting objects.</li><li>These tendrils exhibit thigmotropism, meaning they grow in response to touch, curling around any suitable surface they encounter.</li><li>This adaptation enables the plant to climb upwards, accessing sunlight more effectively and preventing its fruits from resting on the ground, which can lead to rot or pest infestation.</li></ul><h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Examples of Climbing Plants</h4><ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Other common examples of plants that utilize tendrils for climbing include:<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Grapes (Vitis vinifera)</li><li>Peas (Pisum sativum)</li><li>Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus)</li><li>Morning glories (Ipomoea purpurea)</li></ul></li></ul><h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Artificial Support</h4><ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Gardeners and farmers often provide artificial support structures, such as trellises, stakes, or nets, to aid these plants in their vertical growth.</li><li>This method is particularly useful for crops like pumpkins and cucumbers, optimizing space utilization and improving yield.</li></ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Government of India Act, 1919: Key Architects and Recommendations</h3>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Background:</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>The Government of India Act, 1919, also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, was a significant legislative act passed by the British Parliament.</li>
 <li>It aimed to introduce a gradual increase in self-governing institutions in British India, responding to growing nationalist sentiments.</li>
 <li>The Act was based on the reports and recommendations put forth by key officials during that period.</li>
</ul>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Key Figures:</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>Lord Chelmsford: He served as the Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921. His tenure coincided with a critical period demanding constitutional reforms.</li>
 <li>Edwin Montagu: He was the Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922. He played a crucial role in shaping British policy towards India during this time.</li>
</ul>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Core Recommendations and Features of the Act:</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>Diarchy: The most prominent feature introduced was 'diarchy' at the provincial level. This meant the division of subjects into two categories:</li>
 <ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>Transferred Subjects: Handled by Indian ministers responsible to the provincial legislative councils (e.g., education, public health, agriculture).</li>
 <li>Reserved Subjects: Managed by the Governor and his executive council, who were not responsible to the legislature (e.g., finance, law and order, irrigation).</li>
 </ul>
 <li>Bicameral Legislature: The Act established a bicameral central legislature, comprising:</li>
 <ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>Legislative Assembly (Lower House): Directly elected, with a majority of elected members.</li>
 <li>Council of State (Upper House): Had both elected and nominated members, with a majority of nominated members.</li>
 </ul>
 <li>Introduction of Direct Elections: The Act expanded the franchise and introduced direct elections for both the central and provincial legislatures.</li>
 <li>Communal Electorates: It extended the principle of separate electorates (introduced by the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909) to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.</li>
 <li>Public Services Commission: Recommended the establishment of a Public Services Commission to recruit civil servants.</li>
 <li>Separation of Powers: Attempted to separate legislative and executive functions to some extent.</li>
</ul>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Significance:</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were a step towards responsible government in India, although limited in scope and effectiveness.</li>
 <li>They were met with mixed reactions from Indian leaders, with some deeming them 'inadequate, unsatisfactory, and disappointing' (as per the Indian National Congress's Amritsar Session resolution, 1919).</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Michael Faraday's Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction</h3>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was discovered by the English scientist Michael Faraday in the year 1831.</li>
<li>This discovery is fundamental to the operation of electrical transformers and generators.</li>
<li>Faraday's experiments demonstrated that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current in a nearby conductor.</li>
<li>He formulated two laws of induction:</li>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
<li>Faraday's Law of Induction states that the induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.</li>
<li>Lenz's Law (formulated by Emil Lenz but experimentally verified by Faraday) describes the direction of the induced current, stating that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.</li>
</ul>
<li>Faraday's work was a significant advancement in the understanding of electricity and magnetism, laying the groundwork for much of modern electrical technology.</li>
<li>He also invented the first electric generator, known as the Faraday disk, which produced a small amount of direct current.</li>
<li>This discovery is a cornerstone concept tested in competitive exams related to physics, particularly in the sections on electricity and magnetism.</li>
</ul>

<h3 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi: A Carnatic Virtuoso</h3>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Pioneering Global Performances</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>She was a renowned Carnatic vocalist, often referred to as the 'Queen of Song'.</li>
 <li>She achieved the distinction of being the first Indian musician to perform at the prestigious Royal Albert Hall in London in 1963.</li>
 <li>Her international concerts extended to Europe, North America, and Africa, significantly popularizing Indian classical music globally.</li>
 <li>A significant milestone in her career was her performance at the United Nations General Assembly in 1966, marking a historic moment for Indian music on the world stage.</li>
</ul>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Awards and Accolades</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>She was the first musician ever to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor, in 1998.</li>
 <li>Earlier, in 1974, she had been honored with the Ramon Magsaysay Award, often dubbed the 'Nobel Prize of Asia'.</li>
 <li>Her contributions to music were recognized with numerous other awards, including the Padma Bhushan (1975) and the Padma Vibhushan (1990).</li>
</ul>

<h4 style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">Key Biographical Details</h4>
<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);">
 <li>Born on September 16, 1916, in Madurai, Tamil Nadu.</li>
 <li>Her mother, Shanmukhavadivu, was also a musician, which influenced Subbulakshmi's early musical training.</li>
 <li>She was a devoted follower of Mahatma Gandhi and sang his favorite hymn, 'Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram', on several occasions, including at Gandhi's funeral.</li>
 <li>Her renditions of devotional songs, particularly the 'Venkateswara Suprabhatam' and the 'Vishnu Sahasranamam', became extremely popular.</li>
</ul>

• The Given Word: Destruction means the act of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired.

The Antonym (Opposite): Creation means the act or process of bringing something into existence or making something new.

Contextual Fit: While "destruction" of the natural world refers to its ruin, the "creation" (or preservation/building up) of the natural world is its logical opposite in terms of action.

• The error lies in the Tense Consistency of the sentence.

The Problem: The sentence is set in the Past Tense, as indicated by the phrases "Alka had been writing" (Past Perfect Continuous) and "he was not interested" (Simple Past).

The Correction: The verb "realises" is in the Simple Present tense. To maintain tense consistency throughout the sentence, it must be changed to the Simple Past form: "realised".

Corrected Sentence: "Alka had been writing to her boss until she realised that he was not interested in resolving her issues."

that he was not interested in resolving her issues

• The Error: The underlined word in the sentence is "asignment". It is missing a second 's'.

Correct Spelling: The correct spelling is assignment.

Breakdown: It is derived from the verb assign + the suffix -ment. Since "assign" is spelled with a double 's', the noun form must also retain both.

• The Context: The passage describes the "liberty" and "freedom" of being alone in a railway carriage. The tone is positive and celebratory of the things one can do without being judged (singing, dancing, or talking to oneself).

Word Fit:

Pleasant: Means giving a sense of happy satisfaction or enjoyment. This fits perfectly with the positive "sense of freedom" described.

Contemptuous: Means showing deep hatred or disapproval. This does not fit the context of enjoying freedom.

Tedious: Means too long, slow, or dull (boring). While a long train journey can be tedious, the author is specifically describing the freedom as something enjoyable.

Baleful: Means threatening harm; menacing. This is a negative word and contradicts the theme of "liberty."

• The Context: The passage is describing the joy of being alone and free in a railway carriage. Since the author describes this freedom as something desirable and "unrestrained," the missing word must have a positive or favorable meaning.

Word Fit:

Agreeable: Means pleasant, appealing, or likable. In this context, it describes the "form" of liberty as something enjoyable.

Miserable: Means very unhappy or uncomfortable. This contradicts the "sense of freedom."

Humour: This is a noun (the quality of being amusing). Grammatically, we need an adjective to describe the noun "form."

Detestable: Means deserving intense dislike. This is a negative word and does not fit the theme of liberty.

• The correct answer is Option A: yourself.

Explanation
The Context: The passage is written in the second person, addressed to the reader using the pronoun "You" (e.g., "You can do anything," "You can talk to...").

Grammar Rule (Reflexive Pronouns): When the subject and the object of a verb are the same person, we use a reflexive pronoun. Since the subject is "You," the corresponding reflexive pronoun must be "yourself."

Logic: The passage describes being alone in a carriage. If you are alone and talking aloud, you are naturally talking to yourself.

Analysis of other options:

B) ourselves: Used when the subject is "We."

C) herself: Used when the subject is "She."

D) himself: Used when the subject is "He."

• The Context: The passage is about total "freedom" and "liberty unrestrained." The author describes a scenario where you can "roll Jones triumphantly in the dust" (win an imaginary argument) because there is no one there to fight back.

Logic: If you are alone in a carriage, you do not have to worry about a "counterstroke" (a return attack or retort). Therefore, you are performing the action without fear.

Phrase Usage: The phrase "without fear of..." is a standard English idiom used to describe an action done with total confidence or in the absence of risk.

• The Context: The passage is providing a list of various activities you can do freely while alone in the train carriage: singing, dancing, practicing a golf stroke, and playing marbles.

Grammar (Conjunctions): When we provide a list of alternative possibilities or choices, we use the coordinating conjunction "or".

Logic: The sentence structure "You can sing or dance... or practise... or play marbles" indicates that these are all optional things you are free to choose from.

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